Here is what I am currently proposing
as an outline for discussion and study. It is, of course, revisable.
1. Why is there dharma?
(a) The main reason to study it.
(b) Other reasons to study it.
2. What The Buddha taught
(a) Views of mind and views of
reality.
(b) The Buddha’s admonition
3. How should we regard this view?
(a) Is Buddhism scientific?
(b) Is it philosophical?
(c) Is it experiential?
4. Buddhist Epistemology
? Direct perception
? Inference
? Faith
5. The conflict between Buddhist subjectivity and monist objectivity.
6. Buddhist view of mind/consciousness
? The Five skandhas
? Dependent origination and karma
7. Buddhist ontology
? Three Modes of Existence
? First Turning
? Second Turning
? Third Turning
8. The Heart Sutra
Again, the intent here is to come
at what the Buddha taught, neither from the point of view of a lay practitioner,
with its
emphasis on (and experience and
insights arising as a result of) meditation, nor from the point of view
of the man in the
street whose heard of “karma”,
for example. Instead, I’d like to present it in such a fashion that the
critical thinker, the
western logician or skeptic could
conclude, to the satisfaction of him/herself, and to the satisfaction of
the insider (i.e.
me) that yes, this makes sense,
or no, it doesn’t make sense from the point of view of what we know about
the
mind/reality as a result of science
or philosophy. ( I furthermore accept that in the end, as regards particular
aspects of
the discussion there may be no
final conclusion, and we may profess agnosticism. )
However, it is not my intent or
desire to show that dharma and science, for example are in harmony or arrive
at the
same conclusions. To do so would
dishonor the aspects of each tradition which are unique, and from which
the other
might come to a richer understanding.
Just for example, as far as I know, despite 2,500 years of looking at mind,
Buddhists have just about nothing
to say about the brain. Conversely, although neural scientists have only
begun
looking at the brain, what they
know about consciousness is very very little.
I hope then, that by proceeding
with this outline, we can accomplish this.
My reasoning is that we begin
by asking what is the reason that there is such a thing as dharma? And
then look at why
we would even want to consider
it at all.
If we conclude that its raison
d’erte is valid and we accept the reasons for study, then we proceed to
look at what the
Buddha actually taught. The reason
for this is straightforward. We can’t consider it unless we know what it
is.
However, I’m throwing in a caveat.
I don’t want to get into a discussion about whether it is true or not at
this
particular stage. Instead, I’d
like to stick with what in Buddhism is known as the three prajnas, or three
means of
receiving the dharma. They are:
hearing, contemplating and meditating. So then, hearing means just getting
the
words. It means receiving the
contents of the package and checking the inventory. What it avoids is putting
your own
spin on the meaning of words.
For example, whereas we in the west have a reasonably similar idea of what
we mean
when we say consciousness. It
would be a mistake, however, to believe that that concept translates directly
into the
dharmic lexicon. Just as Jimi
is always pointing out the disparity in meaning between words in the King
James version
of the bible, and those of Greek,
or Aramaic origin, we must keep in mind the differences in nuance between,
Pali,
Sanskrit, Tibetan and English.
So, the point then of the hearing stage is get the words, and then establish
what they
mean. Another caveat is that there
are different schools of Buddhism and I will be presenting the view of
the Kagyu
lineage of Tibet. It may or may
not make sense to explain the features of this view, or the distinctions
between
schools.
The contemplation stage is where,
having gotten the goodies, and being on the same page with regards to what
the
words mean, we scrutinize the
meaning. We test it against our experience, against what we know about
the world, or
against logic. And this is exactly
what the Buddha admonished his followers to do.
In Buddhism, a person who studies
but does not practice is likened to a wealthy man who does not spend any
of his
money – especially on himself.
And the one who meditates but doesn’t study is analogous to the blind man
on a great
plain who has no idea where he
is or where he’s going. Thus practice and study are regarded as the two
wings of a
bird. However, I’m not going to
ask or suggest that anyone meditate. I’m only pointing out that meditation
is critical,
for if anything, Buddhism offers
a means for training the mind. This will come out in discussions of epistemology,
and
of subjectivity.
As my outline indicates, I think
we need then, to establish the framework, or the view by which we actually
consider
what has been presented, in terms
of dharma. Given the background of the board’s denizens, it rather makes
sense to
me that we consider whether dharma
should be, or could be considered from a scientific point of view, from
a
philosophical view or that of
logic – or if it simply relies too much on subjectivity and experience
and therefore should
only be considered thusly. This
section is intended as a nod toward the skeptics. After all, what other
views are there?
Well, there is one other, which
may or may not be unique, and that is the Buddhist epistemology. It rather
makes
sense, at least to me, that f
we’re going to scrutinize the dharma, we should at least be familiar with
the means by
which it claims to know what it
claims to know. If those means are accepted as valid, we go on. If not,
those means
may be deemed to be only as good
as those arrived at through western philosophy, or not even as sound. Frankly,
not being proficient in the topic,
I am a bit doubtful about the presentation. Nonetheless, it seems important.
It will be clear, indeed, it already
seems clear, that Buddhism is very subjective, and that science is quite
objective.
Frankly, I do believe this is
a topic for very rich discussion. Even without Buddhism, just to consider
topics such as
logical empiricism, or the views
of Thomas Kuhn (let alone the metaphysical underpinnings of these views)
is more
than enough fodder for discussion.
But when we begin to consider the western view of subjectivity – which
given the
history of the development of
science from Descartes onward is truly fascinating – and contrast it with
the enormity of
buddhist scholarship on the topic,
I’m certain we will learn a lot.
In the preceding sections, therefore,
I hope to present what the Buddha taught, then ways of knowing, and
consideration of our own ways
of knowing. That having been done, we can actually get into the meat of
the dharma.
I’d like to present the Buddhist
view of mind – which of course ties back to what was first presented as
dharma.
However, to fully and finally
understand the meaning of mind, one must have a grasp of buddhist ontology.
So that will
be presented.
Finally, as the crown of it all,
we will then look at the Heart Sutra, bringing to bear everything we’ve
considered
heretofore. Then, with our understanding
of Buddhist epistemology, and everything we bring from our own
backgrounds, we can scrutinize
that view of mind, and draw our final, or (since meditation has not been
included –
and it is integral to understanding
the dharma experientially) provisional conclusions.
Tim A